Primitive construction camps dotted the Bitterroot Mountains between 1906 and 1912.

Hardy colorful gangs of workers from around the globe called these bleak and often ugly temporary settlements home.

The hard work and disagreeable conditions on the Milwaukee’s Western Extension led many men to quit at the first excuse or opportunity. Winter snow and damp, miserable working conditions in the big tunnel caused many to look for better work elsewhere.

To induce workers to stay on the job, contractors improved accommodations and served better food. Camps sprouted large domed European style bread ovens. East Portal even hosted a YMCA for off-hour play. Finally a bonus system of payment was established to keep workers on the job.